Open Journal Systems





In vitro model of the glial scar

VIEWS - 215 (Abstract) 145 (PDF)
Ao Fang, Zhiyan Hao, Ling Wang, Dichen Li, Jiankang He, Lin Gao, Xinggang Mao, Ruben Paz

Abstract


The trauma of central nervous system (CNS) can lead to glial scar, and it can limit the regeneration of neurons at the injured area, which is considered to be a major factor affecting the functional recovery of patients with CNS injury. At present, the study of the glial scar model in vitro is still limited to two-dimensional culture, and the state of the scar in vivo cannot be well mimicked. Therefore, we use a collagen gel and astrocytes to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model in vitro to mimic natural glial scar tissue. The effects of concentration changes of astrocytes on cell morphology, proliferation, and tissue performance were investigated. After 8 days of culture in vitro, the results showed that the tissue model contracted, with a measured shrinkage rate of 4.5%, and the compressive elastic modulus increased to nearly 4 times. Moreover, the astrocytes of the 3D tissue model have the ability of proliferation, hyperplasia, and formation of scar clusters. It indicates that the model we constructed has the characteristics of glial scar tissue to some extent and can provide an in vitro model for the research of glial scar and brain diseases.

Keywords


Glial scar; In vitro; Three-dimensional

Full Text:

PDF

References


Kawano H, Kimura-Kuroda J, Komuta Y, et al., 2012, Role of the Lesion Scar in the Response to Damage and Repair of the Central Nervous System. Cell Tissue Res, 349:169-80. DOI 10.1007/s00441-012-1336-5.

Aand JM, Berry M, 1985, Observation on Astrocyte Response to a Cerebral Stab Wound in Adult Rats. Brain Res, 327:61-9.

Maxwell W, Follows R, Ashhurst D, et al., 1990, The Response of the Cerebral Hemisphere of the Rat to Injury. I. The Mature Rat. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 328:479- 500. DOI 10.1098/rstb.1990.0121.

Mand CS, Fawcett J, 2001, The Astrocyte/Meningeal Cell Interface a Barrier to Successful Nerve Regeneration? Cell Tissue Res, 305:267-73. DOI 10.1007/s004410100384.

Yoshioka N, Kimura-Kuroda J, Saito T, et al., 2011, Small Molecule Inhibitor of Type I Transforming Growth Factorbeta Receptor Kinase Ameliorates the Inhibitory Milieu in Injured Brain and Promotes Regeneration of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Axons. J Neurosci Res, 89(3):381-93. DOI 10.1002/jnr.22552.

Yoshioka N, Hisanaga S, Kawano H, 2010, Suppression of Fibrotic Scar Formation Promotes Axonal Regeneration Without Disturbing Blood Brain Barrier Repair and Withdrawal of Leukocytes After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Comp Neurol, 518:3867-81. DOI 10.1002/cne.22431.

Mand P, Nilsson M, 2005, Astrocyte Activation and Reactive Gliosis. Glia, 50:427-34.

Anderson MF, Blomstrand F, Blomstrand C, et al., 2003, Astrocytes and Stroke: Networking for Survival? Neurochem Res, 28(2):293-305. DOI 10.1023/a:1022385402197.

Tatsumi K, Haga S, Matsuyoshi H, et al., 2005, Characterization of Cells with Proliferative Activity after a Brain Injury. Neurochem Int, 46(5):381-9. DOI 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.12.007.

Norenberg MD, 1994, Astrocyte Responses to CNS Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 53(3):213-20.

Gao K, Wang CR, Jiang F, et al., 2013, Traumatic Scratch Injury in Astrocytes Triggers Calcium Influx to Activate the JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 Pathway and Switch on GFAP Expression. Glia, 61(12):2063-77. DOI 10.1002/glia.22577.

Sofroniew MV, 2015, Astrogliosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 7(2):a20420.

Kozai TDY, Jaquins-Gerstl AS, Vazquez AL, et al., 2015, Brain Tissue Responses to Neural Implants Impact Signal Sensitivity and Intervention Strategies. ACS Chem Neurosci, 6(1):48-67. DOI 10.1021/cn500256e.

Woeppel K, Qand Y, Cui XT, 2017, Recent Advances in Neural Electrode-Tissue Interfaces. Curr Opin Biomed Eng, 4:21-31.

Chen N, Luo B, Yang IH, et al., 2018, Biofunctionalized Platforms Towards Long-term Neural Interface. Curr Opin Biomed Eng, 6:81-91.

Jand S, Miller JH, 2014, Regeneration Beyond the Glial Scar. Exp Neurol, 253(1):197-207.

Rand FA, Silver J, 2016, Targeting Astrocytes in CNS Injury and Disease: A Translational Research Approach. Prog Neurobiol, 144:173-87.

Zhan JS, Gao K, Chai RC, et al., 2017, Astrocytes in Migration. Neurochem Res, 42(1):272-82.

Yu AC, Lee YL, Eng LF, 1993, Astrogliosis in Culture: I. The Model and the Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotides on Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Synthesis. J Neurosci Res, 34(3):295-303. DOI 10.1002/jnr.490340306.

Kimura-Kuroda J, Teng X, Komuta Y, et al., 2010, An in vitro Model of the Inhibition of Axon Growth in the Lesion Scar Formed after Central Nervous System Injury. Mol Cell Neurosci, 43(2):177-87. DOI 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.10.008.

Spencer KC, Sy JC, Falcón-Banchs R, et al., 2017, A Three Dimensional in vitro Glial Scar Model to Investigate the Local Strain Effects from Micromotion Around Neural Implants. Lab A Chip, 17(5):795-804. DOI 10.1039/c6lc01411a.

Rocha DN, Ferraz-Nogueira JP, Barrias CC, et al., 2015, Extracellular Environment Contribution to Astrogliosis Lessons Learned from a Tissue Engineered 3D Model of the Glial Scar. Front Cell Neurosci, 9(1):377. DOI 10.3389/fncel.2015.00377.

García-Fernández L, Halstenberg S, Unger RE, et al., 2010, Anti-Angiogenic Activity of Heparin-like Polysulfonated Polymeric Drugs in 3D Human Cell Culture. Biomaterials, 31(31):7863-72. DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.022.

Jand S, Pompe T, 2018, Biomimetic Tumor Microenvironments Based on Collagen Matrices. Biomater Sci, 6:2009-24. DOI 10.1039/c8bm00303c.

Bell E, Ivarsson B, Merrill C, 1979, Production of a Tissue-like Structure by Contraction of Collagen Lattices by Human Fibroblasts of Different Proliferative Potential in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 76(3):1274-8. DOI 10.1073/pnas.76.3.1274.

Lázaro J, Dechmann DKN, Lapoint S, et al., 2017, Profound Reversible Seasonal Changes of Individual Skull Size in a Mammal. Curr Biol, 27(20):3576. DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.064.

Lapoint S, Keicher L, Wikelski M, et al., 2017, Growth Overshoot and Seasonal Size Changes in the Skulls of Two Weasel Species. R Soc Open Sci, 4(1):160947. DOI 10.1098/rsos.160947.

Lázaro J, Hertel M, Sherwood CC, et al., 2018, Profound Seasonal Changes in Brain Size and Architecture in the Common Shrew. Brain Struct Funct, 223:2823-40. DOI 10.1007/s00429-018-1666-5.

Tallinen T, Chung JY, Rousseau F, et al., 2016, On the Growth and form of Cortical Convolutions. Nat Phys, 12(6):588-93.

Checa S, Rausch MK, Petersen A, et al., 2014, The Emergence of Extracellular Matrix Mechanics and Cell Traction Forces as Important Regulators of Cellular Self-organization. Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 14(1):1-13. DOI 10.1007/s10237-014-0581-9.

Galbraith CG, Mand YK, Sheetz MP, 2002, The Relationship between Force and Focal Complex Development. J Cell Biol, 159(4):695-705. DOI 10.1083/jcb.200204153.

Riveline D, Zamir E, Balaban NQ, et al., 2001, Focal Contacts as Mechanosensors. Externally Applied Local Mechanical Force Induces Growth of Focal Contacts by an Mdia1-Dependent and Rock-Independent Mechanism. J Cell Biol, 153(6):1175-86. DOI 10.1083/jcb.153.6.1175.

Corin KA, Gibson LJ, 2010, Cell Contraction Forces in Scaffolds with Varying Pore Size and Cell Density. Biomaterials, 31(18):4835-45. DOI 10.1016/j. biomaterials.2010.01.149.

García-Fernández L, Halstenberg S, Unger RE, et al., 2010,

Anti-Angiogenic Activity of Heparin-like Polysulfonated Polymeric Drugs in 3D Human Cell Culture. Biomaterials, 31(31):7863-72. DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.022.

Jand S, Pompe T, 2018, Biomimetic Tumor Microenvironments

Based on Collagen Matrices. Biomater Sci, 6:2009-24. DOI

1039/c8bm00303c.

Bell E, Ivarsson B, Merrill C, 1979, Production of a Tissuelike

Structure by Contraction of Collagen Lattices by Human Fibroblasts of Different Proliferative Potential in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 76(3):1274-8. DOI 10.1073/ pnas.76.3.1274.

Lázaro J, Dechmann DKN, Lapoint S, et al., 2017, Profound

Reversible Seasonal Changes of Individual Skull Size in a Mammal. Curr Biol, 27(20):3576. DOI 10.1016/j. cub.2017.10.064.

Lapoint S, Keicher L, Wikelski M, et al., 2017, Growth Overshoot and Seasonal Size Changes in the Skulls of Two Weasel Species. R Soc Open Sci, 4(1):160947. DOI 10.1098/ rsos.160947.

Lázaro J, Hertel M, Sherwood CC, et al., 2018, Profound Seasonal Changes in Brain Size and Architecture in the Common Shrew. Brain Struct Funct, 223:2823-40. DOI 10.1007/s00429-018-1666-5.

Tallinen T, Chung JY, Rousseau F, et al., 2016, On the Growth

and form of Cortical Convolutions. Nat Phys, 12(6):588-93.

Checa S, Rausch MK, Petersen A, et al., 2014, The Emergence

of Extracellular Matrix Mechanics and Cell Traction Forces as Important Regulators of Cellular Self-organization. Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 14(1):1-13. DOI 10.1007/ s10237-014-0581-9.

Galbraith CG, Mand YK, Sheetz MP, 2002, The Relationship

between Force and Focal Complex Development. J Cell Biol, 159(4):695-705. DOI 10.1083/jcb.200204153.

Riveline D, Zamir E, Balaban NQ, et al., 2001, Focal Contacts as Mechanosensors. Externally Applied Local Mechanical Force Induces Growth of Focal Contacts by an Mdia1-Dependent and Rock-Independent Mechanism. J Cell Biol, 153(6):1175-86. DOI 10.1083/jcb.153.6.1175.

Corin KA, Gibson LJ, 2010, Cell Contraction Forces in Scaffolds

with Varying Pore Size and Cell Density. Biomaterials,

(18):4835-45. DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.149.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v5i2.235

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.